Glossary

Ableism – discrimination against people with disabilities, or the belief that able-bodied people are normative and/or superior to people with disabilities

Accomplice – a non-indigenous/white ally who uses the power and privilege they have to challenge the status quo, often risking their social and physical wellbeing in the process. All accomplices are allies (see Ally) but not all allies are accomplices.

Advocate (verb) – to publicly support a policy or cause and its legal adoption and use.

Ally – a term used for supporters of anti-racist struggles who are not from the group leading the struggle

Alt-right – a far-right political movement centred on white nationalism.

Anti-Blackness – prejudice, bias and discrimination towards Black peoples

Antifa – a political anti-fascist movement

Antiracism – individual or collective opposition to racist ideas, practices and policies and advocacy for changes that address racism in political, economic and social systems

Anti-racist – a person who actively opposes racist ideas, practices and policies by advocating for changes that address racism in political, economic and social systems

Antisemitism – prejudice, bias and discrimination towards Jewish people

Apartheid – a Government system of racial segregation used particularly in South Africa 1948-1994. Laws promulgated under the system of apartheid classified peoples by race: Black, Coloured and White. Laws and the powers of police institutionalized a system of racial segregation and the oppression of Black and Coloured peoples.

Assimilation – is the incorporation of a social group into the dominant group in social hierarchies, underpinned by the belief in the superiority and normativity of the dominant group’s culture (Elias & Feagin 2020). As part of colonialism, assimilation was a policy that was pursued to ‘absorb’ or fully incorporate Indigenous peoples into white colonial settler culture, including through oppressive and racist policies of schooling and suppression of languages and traditions.

Aversive racism – where racism is denied, or seen as abhorrent, while resources or benefits are provided preferentially to in-group members (see also Unconscious bias).

Beauty standards – Eurocentric ideals promoted by the beauty industry that reinforce racism, colourism, ableism, and gender norms.

Benevolent racism – an attitude about an ethnic group that appears positive but stems from a belief that another ethnic group is incompetent or helpless.

Bias – a conscious or unconscious preconceived opinion about something or someone based on race/ethnicity, gender, sexuality, or ability. (can be enacted in a positive or negative way)

Bigotry – intolerant prejudice that glorifies one’s own group and denigrates members of other groups

Biocolonialism (also biopiracy) – a mode of colonialism based on the extraction and exploitation of biological organisms and materials, including human bodies. Biopiracy relates to the theft of those things (Harry, 2002)

Black Lives Matter (BLM) – a social movement fighting to end police brutality against Black people and to protect basic human rights for Black people. Associated with the United States, it is also increasingly a more global movement.

Blood quantum – a racialised biological approach to quantifying a person’s belonging to a particular ethnic or ‘racial’ group on the basis of perceived proportions of descent or degree of ancestry. It has been used by the state to delimit Māori identity and rights and is still apparent in some ways in which resources are allocated.

Bully/bullying – repeated unwanted conduct that causes stress, harm, or injury.

Blackfishing – pretending to be or altering your appearance to be Black

Casual racism – refers to unchallenged attitudes, actions and behaviours that reproduce racism in everyday interactions (see also Everyday racism, Interpersonal racism)

Civilised – used to describe a state of being developed or advanced; applied as a concept within colonialism to differentiate between colonisers, who were understood to be cultured and advanced, and Indigenous peoples, who were positioned as less (or not) developed, and in need of civilisation

Coalition – the joining together of groups in an alliance or agreement to work together

Collaborate/collaboration – to work together, usually on a shared project or concern

Colour/coloured – more commonly used to refer to African Americans, but non-discriminately used to refer to people of colour; person of colour

Colour blind – claim to not be influenced by racial prejudice or to not see skin colour;

Colour blind racism – is a concept that describes a type of racism whereby people deny the role of race and racism in the disparate experiences and outcomes between racial groups (Bonilla-Silva, 2020).

Colourism – prejudice or bias related to people’s skin tone, based on beliefs about white superiority, whereby people with darker skin tones are viewed and treated less favourably than people with lighter skin tones

Conciliatory – an action that is intended to placate or pacify people who would disrupt or cause delay to the status quo of a person/group in position of power

Cultural appropriation – theft or extraction of cultural elements from another social group’s culture for one’s own use, commodification, or profit (including symbols, art, language, customs) and often without understanding, acknowledgement, or respect for its value in the original culture

Cultural assimilation – is the process by which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society’s majority group or assume the values, behaviours, and beliefs of another group

Cultural capability – refers to the skills, awareness, knowledge, behaviours and systems that are required to plan, support, improve and deliver culturally appropriate and respectful services

Cultural capacity – the level of cultural skill, behaviours, knowledge, and awareness within an organisation, or group, with respect to their capacity to work with specific populations

Cultural competence – a set of congruent behaviours, attitudes and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professional, which enables that system or those within that system to work in a culturally appropriate manner.

Cultural genocide – the deliberate destruction of a people’s culture, including languages, art forms, spiritualities, and knowledge systems, for the purpose of extinguishing their identity.

Cultural humility – a humbleness about one’s competence and abilities, a lifelong commitment to self-reflection and self-critique, a willingness to correct power imbalances, and preparedness to develop mutually beneficial and non-paternalistic partnerships (Tervalon & Murray-Garcia, 1998).

Cultural labour – Indigenous peoples/Māori carry an additional, unrecognised load by having to perform and take on cultural expectations with no real acknowledgement, resourcing or compensation of the expertise needed to deliver them (e.g. physically set up furniture, organise food and people and perform welcoming ceremonies for dignitaries and guests) (see also Double Duty and Emotional Labour).

Culturally neutral – to claim that there is no observation of culture present

Cultural racism – refers to representations, messages and stories conveying the idea that behaviours and values associated with white people or “whiteness” are automatically “better” or more “normal” than those associated with other racially defined groups. Cultural racism is produced through the power of particular groups to control the circulation and spread of cultural beliefs and institutions, in repeated representations, e.g. the media (Dovidio et al., 2010) (see also Elite racism)

Cultural safety – a policy of ensuring respect for cultural and social differences in the provision of health and education services. Irihapeti Ramsden was a leading exponent of cultural safety in nursing training. Cultural safety is concerned with systemic and individual change with the aim of understanding how the identity of a worker can impact on the care they provide to different cultural groups. Clients, rather than practitioners, are the arbitrators of whether a service has been delivered in a culturally safe manner. This approach ensures that power balances are corrected and clients have a voice and autonomy.

Dehumanisation – the use of terms and phrases to rename, or connect a person (or ethnic group) to a non-human being such as an animal or object so as to disconnect them from being considered as a human being with rights, thoughts, feelings and emotions. Dehumanising someone also enables the perpetrator to avoid guilt, shame or responsibility for their actions. Dehumanisation has been central to colonialism for Indigenous peoples.

Disable – processes by which individuals or groups disable access, rights, or privileges of others (the opposite of enable)

Disabler – a person whose actions disable others

(the) Disappeared – refers to people who have literally disappeared (presumed dead) at the hands of political and criminal regimes to get them out of the way. This is a deliberate tactic used to crush dissent and remove leadership from oppositional groups. In some countries it is still used to quell Indigenous communities (e.g. Guatemala).

Discrimination – the unequal treatment of members of various groups based on race, gender, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, religion and other categories. Discrimination involves behaviours, actions and practices that result in advantage for some social groups and disadvantage for other social groups within social hierarchies (Dovidio et al., 2010)

Dispute – a disagreement or argument

Dismantle – to pull apart or break something down into parts

Dissent – to disagree or refuse to agree with a particular position that is generally held

Diversity – all the ways in which people differ. Diversity encompasses all the different characteristics that make one individual or group different from another

Doctrine of Discovery – a principle that was fundamental to European colonialism, it enshrined the rights of European nations to “conquer and claim lands, and to convert or kill the native inhabitants of those lands”, supported by Christian principles and laws. Read Tina Ngata and Doctrine of Discovery

Double duty – expresses that in addition to conducting their own work, Indigenous people are routinely expected to also act as cultural advisors to non-Indigenous colleagues. This ‘service’ is rarely compensated and, especially in the context of underrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in many sectors, it creates significant pressure and extra work loads.

Elite racism – racism that is reproduced by elites who have the power to shape public and political discourse; “a property of ethnic group dominance and is identified as the historically rooted dominance of whites (Europeans) over Others. It involves both shared social cognitions (prejudice), as well as social practices (discrimination), at both the macro level of societal structures and the micro level of specific interactions and communicative events” (van Dijk, 1993: 47).

Emotional labour – the efforts of individuals carrying the emotional burden of responsibility (such as when trying to combat the racist behaviour of others, or supporting those whose feelings have been hurt through being in contact with racism, either implicitly or explicitly).

Enabler – a person, or persons, who collude with a perpetrator either directly or indirectly by actively encouraging their behaviour – either because they benefit from that behaviour or because they are unable to see the impact of their role.

Enmity – a state or feeling of active opposition or hostility; can refer to feelings of hostility between individuals, groups or countries and peoples

Environmental racism – a concept in the environmental justice movement, which developed in the United States throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The term is used to describe environmental injustice that occurs within a racialised context both in practice and in policy. In the United States, environmental racism criticises inequalities between urban and exurban areas after white flight.

Equality of opportunity – means that every individual or group of people is given the same resources or opportunities

Equity – in contrast to equality of opportunity, an equity approach means that resources and opportunities are allocated in a way that ensures equal outcomes. It does so in order to address imbalances created by racism and other forms of oppression that disadvantage some groups while privileging others.

Erasure – refers to the deliberate erasing of cultural and gendered capabilities, accomplishments, histories, for the purpose of imposing a different ‘reality’

Eugenics – the theory that the human species can be improved by selecting desirable inheritable characteristics (e.g., skin colour, eye colour) and discouraging undesirable characteristics seen as defects. The belief and practice of eugenics is implicated in race-based discrimination, monocultural education policies, the removal of children from families and communities seen as inferior (e.g., the stolen generation, institutionalisation of children), sterilisation of men and women, apartheid, slavery, and genocide.

Fairness – has two meanings; i) lightness of skin or hair colouring and ii) a belief in the principle of impartiality and equal treatment without exercising bias or discrimination

Fascism, fascist – an extreme, militaristic and authoritarian far-right movement that began in Europe during the 1920s. Italy’s Benito Mussolini led the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista) from which the term fascist originates. Fascism and Nazism share the same core ideologies.

Gaslighting – psychological manipulation used to convince a person that their version of reality is untrue. Gaslighting can range from seemingly mild, to insidious and covert psychological and emotional abuse. Victims of racism, partner violence, sexual harassment, rape, or bullying may be manipulated into changing their story despite the presence of overwhelming evidence. An example of gaslighting is when Indigenous rights movements or calls for an end to racial slurs are claimed to be ‘political correctness gone mad’. Here is an Aotearoa-based example within an online comment: “how will awl rite in da fucha, if dem brownyz wif there PC kohunga rayo skool nonsenz ar alowd 2 take ova”.

Hate crime – a crime motivated by hatred of a person or group due to characteristics such as colour, race, ethnic or national origins, religious belief, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, age, family status, medical status, or source of income.

Hate speech – the dissemination of ideas that certain groups are superior to others based on enduring characteristics such as colour, race, ethnic or national origins, religious belief, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, age, family status, medical status, or source of income.

Historical inter-generational trauma – the effects of trauma that are passed from one generation to subsequent generations. The intergenerational effects of trauma from processes such as colonisation, genocide, incarceration, removal of children, and poverty impact on wellbeing via cultural alienation, educational and economic inequities, physical and mental health issues, suicide risk, limited coping skills, family violence, and substance abuse. 

Iconic racial meanings – racial slurs, or racialised traits such as ‘Black criminal’, ‘undeserving migrant’, or ‘rabid Muslim’. (see Valluvan, 2016: 2247)

Inclusion – the idea of being and becoming part of a group; it is also used to mean equal opportunity and to express the idea that everyone has equal access to benefits and resources

Individual racism – the beliefs, attitudes, and actions of individuals that support or perpetuate racism; also referred to as interpersonal racism or personally-mediated racism

Infantilise – using terms that reduce the standing of an adult by referring to them in terms that do not match their age (e.g. referring to adult men as boys or adult women as girls).

Influencer – a person whose position of power can encourage people or systems to change. Often associated with people of popularity or celebrity standing, but also relevant to political people of influence

Inhumane – to treat people disrespectfully, as if they are not human (see also Dehumanise)

Insensitive – to be disrespectful; to say or do things to others without regard to their sensitivities; to insult and offend others

Institutional racism – the ways in which institutional policies and practices create different outcomes for different racial groups; commonly enacted through supporting those that maintain a status quo in favour of white people. Institutional racism can operate in both formal and informal ways, with or without the direct involvement of individuals

Internalised oppression – is influenced by colonisation and ongoing colonial processes that structure social, political, cultural and economic institutions and privilege particular ideologies and worldviews to the exclusion of Indigenous knowledges and ways of being

Internalised racism – when a racial group oppressed by racism supports the supremacy and dominance of the dominating group by maintaining or participating in the set of attitudes, behaviours, social structures and ideologies; this can include members of groups racialised as inferior taking on beliefs about the inferiority of their own group (Pyke, 2010)

Interpersonal racism – racism that occurs between individuals; when private beliefs are brought into interactions with others. For an example, see Prince Phillip’s 1954 letter about Māori after visiting NZ –

Islamophobia – prejudice and bigotry against people who follow the Islamic faith, but has been applied more broadly to anti-Muslim sentiment and discrimination (see also Cultural racism)

Lateral violence – describes the way people in positions of powerlessness covertly or overtly direct their dissatisfaction inward toward each other, themselves, and those less powerful than themselves

Linguistic racism – is when language is used to empower white dominant culture over another racial minority group. It can take many forms. Examples such as mocking the way non-native English speakers pronounce English words: for example, “omg, he sounds so FOB (fresh off the boat) when he talks” or “what a hori guy!”, mocking another language more generally (“talking that “Maari” (Māori) shit. Even the connotations of certain English words can be used to forge this agenda; for example, “white” as pure and good, “brown” as dirty and disgusting, and “black” as bad, evil and unattractive.

Manifest Destiny – The belief held by White Americans that their right to colonise North and Central America (‘from sea to shining sea’), was divinely ordained, justified and inevitable. The term was used to justify the expansion of the United States and was used to rationalise the genocide and removal of Native American Indians from their native homelands.

Micro-aggressions – everyday, often ‘small’, ‘taken for granted’, potentially unintended behaviours, actions, comments and use of specific terminology to convey negative bias, reinforce stereotypes and maintain relations of power between those practising micro-aggressions and those receiving them

Mimicry – used in three ways: i) as imitation for the purpose of ridicule; ii) people from colonised or oppressed groups who imitate the actions of the dominant group in order to be accepted by them; iii) people from dominant groups who imitate the cultural practices of Indigenous or minoritised groups to either claim belonging or to make themselves more interesting (see also Cultural appropriation and Blackfishing)

Native – a plant or animal of indigenous origin or growth. The term is also used to describe Indigenous people, e.g. Native Americans, but was dropped in Aotearoa New Zealand and replaced by the word Māori after WWII. Also used in a derogatory sense.

Objectify – to treat someone as an object with no humanity or dignity as someone with no rights or agency or to treat someone as a mere tool for someone’s else’s gratification. In relation to women it may mean to treat women as an object of sexual gratification.

Objective – to claim a non-biased position, by stating an objective position; as in scientific reference to being “value-free”

Oppression – the systematic subjugation of one social group by a more powerful social group for their social, economic, and political benefit

Other / Othering – the construction of some groups as different or deviant from the perceived norm or center; often the norm is unnamed or invisibilised, with the groups represented as Other being hypervisiblised and marked as different or ‘diverse’

Pākehā – a Māori-language term for New Zealanders primarily of European descent. The term can also apply to fair-skinned persons, or to any non-Māori New Zealander.

Pākehā paralysis – describes Pākehā inability to speak or carry out actions for fear of saying or doing something wrong or being offensive to people of a different race/ethnicity

Performative or Nonperformative antiracism – a term associated with the work of Sara Ahmed (2006), used to describe the way institutions ‘perform’ or ‘non-perform’ through acts of speech, utterances, and discourses about racism that end up not changing the system of racism.

Perpetrator – the person(s) carrying out an action or behaviour deemed to be unacceptable and harmful to the victim of this action or behaviour

Prejudice – an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude of one type of individual or groups toward another group and its members

Pretendians – a white person pretending to be a Native American (Indian)

Passe noir – a white person pretending to be Black

Race – “A specious classification of human beings created by Europeans (whites) which assigns human worth and social status using ‘white’ as the model of humanity and the height of human achievement for the purpose of establishing and maintaining privilege and power” (Chisom and Washington 1997, 30-31); a system of classification or typology based in racism that was used to classify peoples on the basis of imagined ‘racial’ categories within a racial hierarchy, operating to justify racism and colonialism

Racial equity – the condition that would be achieved if a person’s racial identity no longer predicted, in a statistical sense, how one fares. Achieving racial equity requires the elimination of policies, practices, attitudes and cultural messages that reinforce or fail to eliminate differential outcomes by race

Racial fear – language used to cause/incite fear that someone or people from another ‘race’, ethnic or Indigenous group will threaten or do harm to them, their property or their way of life

Racial hierarchies – based on ideas that different ‘races’ of people could be ranked in a hierarchy, with white ‘races’ considered more superior than others. This is linked to the idea of a Great Chain of Being where angels, humans classified by ‘race’, animals, birds and insects were ordered; an invented typology used to justify racism and colonialism

Racial integration – refers to policies designed to bring different ethnic groups together, either through shared living arrangements or inter-marriage, to break down differences and create a new identity. Often, racial integration policies were used to integrate minorities into a dominant group by actively destroying their languages and cultural practices (see also Assimilation)

Racialisation – the process of giving a racial character to someone or something. This includes classifying peoples within invented racial typologies, whereby purported racial identity or group membership becomes a central or primary distinction. In the New Zealand context, racialisation operated to shift Māori from being māori (normal) to being represented as a racial Other in both discourse and in material ways, evident in changing social, political and economic arrangements that resulted in the significant dispossession of Māori and the redistribution of power and resources in favour of the white settler population (Cormack, 2019). Racialisation also includes ascribing a racial character to things such as crime or poverty.

Racial pride – used to explain how many groups have embraced identities and terminology originally used to denigrate them and turned them into positive identities e.g. Black pride, Native pride.

Racial slur – insulting language used to denigrate people on the basis of race

Racial stereotypes – expressions, assumptions, generalisations, judgements and actions based on stereotypes of how ‘races’ of people and their cultures are viewed; e.g. “Those people don’t have a job because they are (all) lazy.” Racial stereotypes are (re)produced through broader societal racism.

Racism – an ideology that sustains racial inequalities and power differences. Based on historically constructed notions of a racial hierarchy, racism manifests differently across space and time. Forms of racism include interpersonal and everyday racism as well as institutional and structural racism.

Racist – a person who supports a racist policy or practice through their actions or interaction, or expresses a racist idea or belief, whether or not this is their intent

Racist discourse – racist modes of representation or language

Reconciliation – the process of two people or groups in a conflict agreeing to make amends or come to a resolution (e.g. Australia’s Reconciliation)

Restorative justice – an approach to justice in which one of the responses to an offence or behaviour that has caused harm is to organise a meeting between the person (or persons) who have been harmed and the person (or persons) who have caused the harm, sometimes with representatives of the wider community. A version of restorative justice approaches has been incorporated into the criminal justice system in New Zealand.

Reverse racism – a term used by white communities and individuals who oppose actions to address racism (such as Treaty settlements or some forms of affirmative action) because they perceive these actions as ‘preferential treatment’ and therefore racist against them. Claims of reverse racism are therefore commonly accompanied by calls for equal opportunities/rights regardless of ‘race’. In Aotearoa, Māori or Pacific pathways into university programmes are viewed as unconstitutional and reverse racism.

Savage – fierce, ferocious, or cruel; untamed: savage beasts. Offensive (in historical use), relating to or being a preliterate people or society regarded as uncivilised or primitive: savage tribes; used in contrast to ideas about the superior civilisation of European colonial culture and peoples, and as a justification for racism and colonialism

Scientific racism – the belief in biologically determined differences between distinct ‘races’. Scientific theories of racial difference are used to justify racial inequalities and racist social policies, for instance in health and education (e.g. early intelligence tests)

Separatism – a term used by those opposing actions and practices that address racism and colonialism to argue that ‘preferential treatment’ of particular groups leads to societal division (see also Reverse racism)

Sinophobia – old term used to describe anti-Chinese sentiment; often applied to anti-Asian sentiment more broadly

Social justice – occurs when all members of society have access to and participate in all areas of political, social, cultural, environmental, educational, and economic resources in ways that are not assimilationist or culturally alienating.

Structural injustice – when a minoritised group’s position in society is threatened by institutional practices that constrain the opportunities of people and produce inequitable and unfair social relations and outcomes

Structural racism – “the normalization and legitimization of an array of dynamics – historical, cultural, institutional and interpersonal – that routinely advantage whites while producing cumulative and chronic adverse outcomes for people of color.” “Production, control, and access to material, informational, and symbolic resources within societal institutions, laws, policies, and practices” (Priest & Williams, 2018) (see also Systemic racism)

Structural violence – refers to any scenario in which a social structure perpetuates inequity, thus causing preventable suffering

Survivor – in the context of systemic racism, the term ‘survivor’ often refers to people who have survived genocide, wars, state violence and other deliberate acts to destroy, punish, ‘disappear’ and eliminate them: e.g. ‘Holocaust survivor’ refers to someone who lived through the Holocaust and in particular survived the Nazi concentration camps. 

Symbolic racism – the unique synthesis of politically conservative, individualistic values, and early-acquired negative racial affect, which usually develops in adolescence, earlier than many other socio-political beliefs.

Systemic racism – operates at the level of institutions and societal structures. It describes the processes, practices, laws, regulations and policies that reproduce racial inequities and power differentials (see also Structural racism)

Tokenism – refers to the practice of implementing actions or strategies in a superficial manner to ‘appear’ to address inequality, while not making any meaningful change or significant difference for those negatively affected

Tone policing – being asked or advised to moderate your voice or tone to be more palatable (e.g. “dial it down/back”). This tends to be used by Pākehā when they feel attacked or defensive about comments made by Māori; a strategy that deflects attention from racism by questioning the appropriateness of responses to racism.

Uncivilised – used to describe a place or people that is not socially, culturally, or morally advanced; used in contrast with the idea of ‘civilised’ cultures and peoples as a justification for racism and colonialism; related to processes of Dehumanisation

Unconscious bias – refers to the activation of social stereotypes and beliefs about certain groups of people without an individual’s own conscious awareness (Dovidio & Fiske, 2012; Priest & Williams, 2018). Everyone holds beliefs about various social and identity groups that can be activated unconsciously or automatically. Biases at the individual level are linked to wider societal beliefs about various social groups and identities (also referred to as implicit bias)

Victim – a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or action; a person who is tricked or duped; a person who has come to feel helpless and passive in the face of misfortune or ill-treatment.

White – group of people with skin that is pale in colour; who come from or whose ancestors originally came from Europe; of or relating to any of various population groups considered as having light pigmentation of the skin. Associated with being free from moral impurity: innocent (see Webster’s dictionary).

White fragility – describes the state of defensiveness or vulnerability a white person assumes when confronted with facts about how structural racism has benefitted people designated white. In these situations, even a minimal amount of racial tension is intolerable and triggers defensive emotions and behaviours such as tears, anger, crying, silence, arguing, leaving the conversation or room, or demanding an apology. These reactions are designed to re-establish power. Other power tactics are shaming, gaslighting, blaming, or revenge.

Whiteness – As a process, whiteness embodies a structural position of historical global wealth accumulation and political economic power that reproduces itself through contemporary structural practice. Whiteness also is viewed as a form of symbolic value, morality, aesthetics, and advancement. (Lipsitz, 2018)

White privilege – unearned benefits accruing to white individuals or groups while simultaneously withholding opportunities or access to resources from an individual or groups who are not white (see McIntosh 1989)

White saviour – refers to a white person who provides help to non-white people in a self-serving manner

White streaming – assimilating difference, e.g. in knowledge and cultural behaviours into a white perspective or in ways that reinforce the dominance of white power

White supremacy – a historically constructed ideology that situates white people atop the racial hierarchy and justifies the exploitation and oppression of peoples of colour by white people

Window Dressing – making something look good to anyone on the outside looking in, without making substantive changes underneath (see also Tokenism)

Vicarious racism – secondary racism that is experienced when hearing or witnessing someone else’s experience of racism

Xenophobia – extreme, nationalistic dislike, fear or prejudice against people from other ethnicities or nationalities